Spinal Cord Stimulation Advances Improve Neural Interfaces

Multiple recent studies (2015–2025) compile advances in spinal cord stimulation, neuromodulation, and materials for long-term neural interfaces, including epidural, transcutaneous, and closed-loop approaches (Rowald et al. 2022; Nanivadekar et al. 2023; Powell et al. 2023). The references report clinical outcomes, device complications, and engineering advances in stretchable electrodes and biocompatible materials, informing future neuroprosthetics research and implementation.